https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/6210 2026-08-11T14:56:08Z https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/20182 Current methods for experimental modeling of traumatic brain injury in mice and rats Prus, I.; Prus, R.; Appelhans, O. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of mortality and long-term disability among young individuals worldwide. Despite significant advances in clinical medicine, the mechanisms underlying post-traumatic morphological and functional alterations in the brain and peripheral organs remain insufficiently understood. Consequently, experimental models of TBI in laboratory animals have become indispensable, as they enable the reproduction of distinct types of brain injury, investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms, and evaluation of potential therapeutic strategies. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/20181 Teaching human anatomy in contemporary conditions: methodological and pedagogical aspects Prus, R. V. Human anatomy is a fundamental discipline in medical education that provides the basis for the formation of professional knowledge and the subsequent study of clinical subjects. Current transformations in higher medical education, particularly the implementation of competency-based approaches, require the modernization of methodological and pedagogical strategies for anatomy teaching. The aim of this study was to analyze contemporary approaches to teaching human anatomy and to determine directions for improving the educational process in higher medical education institutions. Modern anatomy education is characterized by the combination of traditional teaching methods with innovative educational technologies. Conventional forms of instruction, including lectures, practical classes, and work with anatomical specimens, remain essential for developing systematic anatomical knowledge and professional thinking. At the same time, increasing attention is given to active learning strategies, interdisciplinary integration, and student-centered educational approaches. The implementation of digital technologies, including multimedia resources, three-dimensional models, virtual simulations, and modern anatomical atlases, contributes to improved visualization and facilitates understanding of anatomical structures. However, the educational effectiveness of such technologies depends on their reasonable and methodologically grounded integration into the learning process. Challenges associated with anatomy education include limitations of distance learning, adaptation to emerging technologies, and the need for adequate methodological support. In conclusion, optimization of human anatomy teaching requires the balanced integration of traditional and innovative educational approaches. Such a strategy contributes to improving the quality of medical education and supports the development of professional competencies necessary for future physicians. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/20174 Modern perspectives on cell therapy using exosomes in experimental traumatic brain injury Prus, I. V.; Appelhans, O. L.; Prus, R. V.; Toporova, O. K. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of mortality and longterm disability worldwide, particularly among young and working-age populations. Despite significant advances in neurocritical care and neurosurgical techniques, effective therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting neural repair and preventing the secondary systemic consequences of TBI remain limited. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current experimental approaches to cell-based therapy for TBI, with particular emphasis on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived exosomes. The pathophysiology of TBI involves primary mechanical injury followed by a complex cascade of secondary pathological events, including neuroinflammation, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and disturbances in cerebral microcirculation. Microglial activation is considered a key driver of secondary brain injury, contributing to sustained neuroinflammatory responses and subsequent neurodegenerative changes. Although endogenous regenerative mechanisms, including activation of neural stem cells and the release of neurotrophic factors, are initiated following injury, they are insufficient to achieve complete functional recovery. MSCs have demonstrated considerable therapeutic potential owing to their ability to home to injured tissues, modulate inflammatory responses, and promote neuroregeneration. More recently, increasing attention has focused on MSCderived exosomes, which represent a promising cell-free therapeutic alternative with several favorable characteristics, including low immunogenicity, high stability, and the capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier. Experimental studies have demonstrated that exosomes transfer bioactive molecules, including RNAs and proteins, to recipient cells, thereby modulating gene expression and promoting functional recovery. In conclusion, MSC-derived exosomes represent a promising and rapidly evolving therapeutic strategy for the treatment of TBI and its systemic consequences. Nevertheless, further experimental studies are required to elucidate their mechanisms of action, biodistribution, and interactions with target cells in both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/19831 Echocardiographic studies of the left ventricular papillary muscles: structural variations as morphological predispositions for the development of cardiac biomechanical dysfunction Koshelnyk, O. L.; Antsut, O. A.; Shuban, Ya. M. The papillary muscles of the left ventricle are a key component of the subvalvular apparatus of the mitral valve. They play a crucial role in ensuring its stability during systole. Abnormalities in their anatomical structure or spatial organization can lead to changes in chordal tension and impaired coaptation of the mitral valve leaflets, which is one of the mechanisms underlying the development of valvular dysfunction. The study of the morphological characteristics of the papillary muscles is of great importance for clinical cardiology and cardiac surgery. Aim: To analyze the morphological variants of the papillary muscles of the left ventricle and assess their clinical significance based on echocardiographic findings and current literature data. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/18668 Modulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission restores mnestic impairments in rats with chronic unpredictable stress Mathyshenko, P. M.; Appelhans, O. L.; Vinner, N. V.; Chebotarova, S. O.; Матюшенко, П. М.; Аппельханс, О. Л.; Віннер, Н. В.; Чеботарьова, С. О. The purpose of the study was to investigate the expression of learning and memory processes in rats in chronic unpredictable stress dynamics in conditions of serotoninergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic neurotransmitter systems activity modulation. Experimental studies were performed on the model of chronic unpredictable stress on Wistar rats with previously induced the serotoninergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems activity activation and suppression. Animals’ ability to learn and their short- and long-term memory expression were determined in the dynamics of used model, The data obtained confirm the expressed mnestic disorders development in rats during the chronic unpredictable stress manifested by deterioration of learning, memory engrams formation and preservation. Mnestic disorders were shown to be developed from the 1st day of chronic unpredictable stress induction, progressed in its dynamics and were maximally expressed from the 14th day of the trial. Serotonin, dopamine and adrenergic neurotransmission suppression starting from the 7th day of the trial significantly impaired rats learning and short- and long-term memory and their activation on 21st day of the trial resulted in mnestic dysfunctions normalization. The authors stressed on monoaminergic neurotransmission functional activity accounting while analyzing the persons cognitive capabilities in chronic stress conditions. The data obtained are experimental evidence of monoaminergic neurotransmission activation clinical effects testing reasonability in chronic stress conditions while performing the treatment regimens for mnestic disorders pathogenetic therapy in patients with chronic unpredictable stress.; Метою дослідження було вивчення вираженості процесів навчання та пам’яті у щурів в динаміці відтворення хронічного непередбачуваного стресу за умов модуляції активності серотонінергічної, дофамінергічної та адренергічної нейромедіаторних систем. Експериментальні дослідження проводили на моделі непередбачуваного хронічного стресу на щурах лінії Вістар, в яких завчасно сприяли активації та пригніченню активності серотонінергічної, дофамінергічної та норадренергічної нейромедіаторних систем. В динаміці означених модельних умов у щурів визначали здатність до навчання, а також вираженість коротко- та довгочасної пам’яті. Отримані дані свідчать про розвиток в динаміці хронічного непередбачуваного стресу мнестичних розладів у вигляді погіршення процесів навчання, а також формування та збереження енграми пам’яті. Мнестичні порушення формуються з 1-ї доби відтворення хронічного непередбачуваного стресу, прогресують в його динамівці та є максимально вираженими, починаючи з 14-ї доби досліду. Пригнічення активності серотонін-, дофамін- та адренергічної нейротрансмісії, починаючи з 7 доби досліду, суттєво погіршувало здатність щурів до навчання та функціонування коротко- та довготривалої пам’яті, а її активація на 21-й добі сприяли відновленню мнестичних функцій. Автори наголошують на важливості урахування функціональної активності моноамінергічної нейротрансмісії при аналізі когнітивних можливостей організму за умов хронічного стресового впливу. Отримані дані є експериментальним доказом доцільності тестування клінічних ефектів активації моноамінергічної нейротрансмісії за умов хронічного стресового впливу при складанні схем патогенетичнї терапії мнестичних розладів у хворих з хронічним стресом. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/18292 Disorders of lipid metabolism and activity of enzymes of krebs cycle and pentose phosphate pathway in the modelling of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis in rats Appelhans, O. L.; Pakhomova, O. O.; Protunkevych, O. O.; Konovalov, M. F.; Solomatin, O. B.; Аппельханс, О. Л.; Пахомова, О. О.; Протункевич, О. О.; Коновалов, М. Ф.; Соломатін, О. Б. The aim was to investigate changes in the orientation of cholesterol metabolism and the spectrum of lipids, as well as the activity of key enzymes of the Krebs cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway, regulators of the NADPH/NADP+ ratio, in tissues of rats with disturbances of acid-base state – metabolic acidosis and alkalosis modelled with the aim of unbalanced nutrition: high-protein and carbohydrate (sucrose) diets. Materials and methods. Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis were modelled in rats sticking to diets with excessive ammonium chloride and sucrose. Acid-base balance and lipoprotein cholesterol content were studied in rat blood using conventional methods, then the animals were decapitated, and lipid content and enzyme activity (NADP-dependent IDH and MDH, G6PD and lipase) were determined in liver tissue, cardiac and thigh muscles using TLC. Results and discussion. The development of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis under the influence of diets with excessive ammonium chloride and sucrose was noted. The diet with ammonium chloride promoted lipolysis, activation of lipase, accumulation of under oxidised FFA and cholesterol, decreased the activity of NADP-dependent ICH in all tissues observed and the activity of NADP-dependent MDH in the tissues of the thigh and cardiac muscles of rats, and increased the activity of G6PD in the liver. The sucrose diet increased lipogenesis, cholesterol biosynthesis, and accumulation of FFA in the tissues of the heart and liver, and activated NADP-dependent MDH and IDH in all tissues observed of rats.; Мета – дослідити ліпідний обмін, а також активність Г6ФД, НАДФ-залежних ІЦДГ та МДГ у тканинах щурів у разі моделювання метаболічного ацидозу та алкалозу за допомогою дієт з хлористим амонієм та сахарозою. обидві дієти підвищують вміст холестерину і порушують обмін ліпідів. Встановлено стан метаболічного ацидозу при впливі дієти з хлористим амонієм, активацію ліполізу та накопичення ВЖК, зниження активності НАДФ-ІЦДГ у всіх досліджених тканинах і НАДФ-МДГ у стегновому та серцевому м’язах та активацію Г6ФД у печінки. У разі розвитку метаболічного алкалозу під впливом сахарозного раціону активується ліпогенез та біосинтез ВЖК у тканинах серця та печінки та НАДФ-МДГ i НАДФ-ІЦДГ у всіх тканинах щурів. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/17733 Catecholaminergic neurotransmission activity modulation determines emotional changes in rats with chronic unpredictable stress Mathyshenko, P. M. The emotional component of the stressful nature of our lives is constant, varied in expression and in the nature of emotions. The emotional background often becomes the leading factor determining the severity of stress. We were interested in the peculiarities of catecholaminergic neurotransmitter systems functioning whose activity modulation in conditions of chronic unpredictable stress can significantly change the nature of animals’ emotional reactions. Aim. To study the influence of serotonergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic neurotransmitter systems functional activity modulation on the emotional behavior expression in rats in chronic unpredictable stress. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/16524 The influence of the demodex mite on the morphological picture of eyelid papilloma Artemov, О. V.; Lytvynenko, М. V.; Chumachenko, I. V.; Bondarenko, A. V.; Dotsenko, N. V.; Ostapchuk, K. V.; Koshelnyk, O. L.; Gargin, V. V. Aim: The aim of work is description of new observations related to the participation of demodex in tumor morphogenesis with goal to study the example of eyelid papilloma, imagine the connection between the presence of the demodex mite and certain changes in the typical histomorphological picture of the neoplasm. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/15637 Pathomorphosis of eyelid tumor pathology in demodectic infection Artemov, О. V.; Lytvynenko, М. V.; Neskoromna, N. V.; Chebotarova, S. О.; Prus, R. V.; Oluwafemi, A.T.; Nassar, M.; Narbutova, Т. Ye.; Larson, L. М. Pathological changes in the tissues of the oculo-conjunctival region caused by the activity of the Demodex mite is represented by the development of inflammatory process. On detection of the parasite on eyelashes, the presence of the Demodex mite is diagnosed in half of adult patients seeking ophthalmic care. Pathomorphological descriptions of specific patterns associated with the presence of Demodex infection are practically absent. During pathological examination, in the vast majority of cases it is almost impossible to see the parasite in the test material. There are pathomorphological patterns associated with the presence of the mite as a commensal, not only on the eyelid surface or in the conjunctiva, but also in morphological structures formed against the background of pathological processes in this area. Aim. To find out the morphological patterns reflecting the pathomorphosis of some tumor processes in the eyelid thickness caused by demodectic invasion, which have not been identified so far in ophthalmopathological studies. Materials and Methods. We analyzed the archival material from the oculo-conjunctival region submitted to the ocular pathology laboratory within the period of 2020–2023. Surgical and biopsy specimens were processed by standard histologic methods. Results. One of the pathognomonic patterns of demodecosis are calcifications with fragments of the dead mite and cysts. When a mite rapidly destroys tissue, it leaves the site until it dies without retaining its fragments. Post-demodecosis pathomorphosis in basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids complicates the pathomorphologic diagnosis of the biopsy. Conclusions. Our results prove the presence of mites in tumor tissues and illustrate their influence on the development of the pathomorphological picture, which should be taken into account in the practical activity of a pathologist. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repo.odmu.edu.ua:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/15487 Pharmacology of post-traumatic stress disorder Tregub, T.; Lytvynenko, M.; Kukushkin, V.; Chebotarova, S.; Oliynyk, N.; Gulbs, O.; Nazaryan, R. The aim of this study was to evaluate current approaches to the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. An information search was carried out in the databases PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE by keywords: “posttraumatic stress disorder”, “treatment”, and “medications”. Search depth 2012–2022 years. From the general data (4877 articles) there were selected 14 articles with the highest degree of relevance. A content analysis of selected articles was carried out with the formation of recommendations for the use of pharmacotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder. Currently, there are no unified approaches to the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Antidepressants (SSRI SNRIs) are primarily considered as first-line drugs, but only sertraline, paroxetine, and fluoxetine are approved by the FDA. But these drugs have a fairly wide range of side effects, including suicidal thoughts. The use of benzodiazepines should be limited as they increase the risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder. Vortioxetine becomes a very promising option. The most significant benefits of vortioxetine are the significant positive effects of vortioxetine on attention, memory, and executive function. There is some evidence for the use of alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonists and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in therapy. In insomnia the use of prazosin and trazodone is recommended. Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder requires administration of medications with multimodal action. Currently, there are no unified approaches to the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Further randomized clinical trials are necessary for developing effective treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z